What Absolutely Everybody Is Saying About Essay Writing Service

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Objectification Of Women s Media - 2313 Words

Name Course Instructor Date The Objectification of Women in Media Introduction Objectification of women is a trend that is coming up in the entertainment industry especially in movies, music videos, music and television. This development seems to be affecting women more than men. The wave of women stereotypes is dangerous for the society because it is bound to affect how men and women relate to each other and promote unhealthy habits in the masses that are exposed to such incorrect media representation of women. This issue is especially tricky to handle because it is evident that the more the media depicts women as sexual objects, the more viewers seem to be entertained and buy into it. This viewership is not restricted to the men, but women also subscribe to such obscenities. By using incorrect and perverse representation of women, the media is able to shape the societies ideologies on dating, marriage and sex. It is also important to note that this problem falls across the demographic divide, young or old, black or white; they all seem to have fallen for this media craze. The actions of the media have been allowed because sex sells and the society has shown that it has approved the objectification of women. Immanuel Kant has been instrumental in contemporary feminist discussions and has shared a lot on this topic. Kant thoughts are that depiction of sex outside a monogamous marriage leads to objectification. He writes in his lectures on ethics that during sexual loveShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Objectification Of Women s Media 996 Words   |  4 PagesRachel Kullick SOA 375 Media and Education March 21, 2016 Women= Objects in Ads What does a naked woman have to do in a men’s cologne advertisement? Well the adver-tisement companies think that sex sells. When women is objectified, they are being degraded of their character as a human. These days young women especially, they are being objectified to sell goods and services using their looks and not their knowledge. In the article â€Å"Objectification of Women in Entertainment Media† by Jon Barber, explainsRead MoreObjectification Of Women And Women1462 Words   |  6 Pages Objectification of women works with benevolent sexism to further oppress women in the media through its effects on self-esteem and well-being. Rollero’s (2013) article â€Å"Men and women facing objectification: The effects of media models on well-being, self-esteem and ambivalent sexism† examines media representations of men and women and how they are related to levels of sexism and psychological well-being. The literature on objectification has mostly indicate d the connection between viewing objectifiedRead MoreMedia and Unrealistic Body Image Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesculture has placed women across the globe in a position where they are constantly flooded with idealistic images that depict what the media perceives as the â€Å"perfect body.† Quite often, young university-attending females, those who are involved in social identity formation, are exposed to numerous forms of media that fabricate various experiences relative to body image. In the past, researchers have surveyed women who are exposed to body-related standards using multiple forms of mass media as a unifiedRead MoreThe Rise Of Social Media And Its Impact On The Feminism Movement Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pages Media Research Literature Review The rise of Social Media and its impact on the Feminism Movement Abstract: The new media Internet, social media platforms, has been an increasingly popular tool for feminists to promote the feminism movement. With the broad reach of the internet and social media, this has led to a wider awareness of the feminist movement. The broad reach of the internet and social media however has also open the female gender to various levels of objectificationRead MoreAnalysis Of Borgata Hotel Casino And Spa864 Words   |  4 Pagesof objectification in advertisements I no longer see the ad as an innocent take on fairytales. Advertisements are meant to be geared to a public, or a specific public, in order to sell a product. Still, some ads showcase women as the product or at least a way to get people to purchase the product. Although any gender, culture, religion, or group can be victims of objectification in advertisements, women are mainly targeted. In an article written by Saskia De Melkar states that in the 1960’s 11 percentRead MoreMedia Panics981 Words   |  4 PagesA media panic or often referred to as a moral panic, is a term that describes how the media is formulating issues amongst our society. Over time, our culture has shifted and caused for many conclusions regarding media panics and the relationship between youth and the media culture. Based upon previous knowledge and course readings, I have drawn a very disturbing conclusion; this being that no matter what age, children are willing or non willingly now under surveillance to determine what kind ofRead MoreSex : Sex And Sex Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pagescirca 1900’s but over time sex has regained its true connotation of being pleasurable but with a stigma. Sex nowadays has become more of a male thing. With society being heavily satiated in the media, women are now seen as objects. The pleasure in sex is no longer mutual for both men and women, espe cially in today’s hookup culture. Due to the constant portrayal of women being sex symbols in adverts and television, it’s almost unconsciously ingrained in both women and men’s minds that women are meantRead MoreMedia s Representation Of Women1197 Words   |  5 PagesMedia’s Representation of Women; Lies and Disguise Media influence causes 69 percent of girls, in one study, to state that magazine models impact their idea of the perfect body shape. This drastic affect on a young person s life creates a reality that women need to alter the way they look to be ‘perfect.’ Media also portrays women as helpless beings, needing a man by their side to complete easy tasks in which they can do on their own. There is also the aspect of strong women being sexy, and not theRead MoreGender And The Media By Rosalind Gill1596 Words   |  7 Pages Book Review of Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill addresses gender stereotypes that are brought onto women and men through the media resulting in objectification and subjectification. Gill discusses how the representation of gender is altered as a result of the media in Western societies. Gender and the Media is aimed to address the rapid transmission of media and how those changes affect the construction of feminine and masculine gender roles in societyRead MoreThe Fight For Women s Rights1711 Words   |  7 Pagesadvocate the equal rights of women on all grounds. While the concept has been present for centuries, its magnitude in the United States has only become largely recognized throughout the 20th century. In particular, feminism has had its most lasting effects through two large waves in the early 1900’s, whilst fighting for women’s suffrage, and the 1960’s to 1970’s, which focused on women in the workplace and counteracting the submissive roles assigned to wom en in the 1950’s. These political battles for

Relevant Quantitative and Quantitative Factors

Qustion: Discuss about the Relevant Quantitative and Quantitative Factors. Answer: Introduction The evaluation of stock for investment purpose needs to be performed by considering the relevant quantitative and quantitative factors. The quantitative analysis for a stock tends to consider the financial statements using tools such as ratio analysis and trend analysis. The qualitative factors tend to instead focus on the innate lucrativeness of the business model in terms of not only profitability but also scalability along with the market share and brand value. Further, the above information needs to be analysed keeping into mind the corresponding performance of the peer group. This report aims to review the relevant qualitative and quantitative parameters concerned with Woolworths performance in the last five years so as to recommend whether an investor should invest in the stock or not. Besides, the report also computes the valuation of the Woolworths stock using the given information to conclude if the stock is overpriced or underpriced. Qualitative Analysis Company Overview The organised retail segment in Australia is dominated by Woolworths which along with Coles has converted the supermarket industry into a virtual duopoly as is evident from the figure listed below. The Woolworths group is a diversified group with interests across multiple businesses such as hotels, fuels, home improvement even though majority of the revenue is contributed by the supermarkets business. Over the years, the company has grown through the acquisition route that has expanded the business of the company into niche segments and given rise to a conglomerate. The group is based in Australia with a presence of about 950 stores spread all over. Besides Australia, the group has sizable market share in the organised retail market in New Zealand. Moreover, the company has small presence in various international markets such as Hong Kong, UK, South Africa and India (Woolworths, 2013). With the coming ot various discount retailers particular Aldi, the market share of the company has fallen and may decline further in the times ahead. This decline may be worsened by the persistent weakness in the trading environment where the discount retailers may be favoured by the customer (Mi tchell, 2015). Recent movement in stock price The performance of the Woolworths stock price over the last one year is captured in the graph below (Yahoo Finance, 2016). It is clear from the graph on display above that the stock price has undergo a significant decline of about 25% in the period under consideration. It is apparent that the stock has performed worse than the broad market index. However, the trading environment in Australia continues to be weak which is a worrisome sign for the stock. Also, competition from German discount retailers is an issue for the company which may keep the price subdued in the near future despite correction. Hence, unless the market fundamentals undergo significant improvement, a sustained upside on the stock may not materialise. Quantitative Analysis As highlighted above, the quantitative analysis of Woolworths would include take into consideration the financial statements from FY2011 to FY2015 and for the given period perform the following. Trend Analysis i.e. both Horizontal and Vertical Analysis Ratio analysis using key ratios Trend Analysis Horizontal Analysis The analysis of the various key trends based on the horizontal analysis shown in the Appendix 1 is given below. Revenue The revenue of the group has registered a steady rise from FY2011 onwards till FY2014. However, the trend is reversed in FY2015 as there has been slight decline in total revenue. This is caused by the drop in fuel sales which have seen a drop in both prices and associated volumes. The sales in volume terms were lesser owing to Caltex Alliance arrangement alliance which was put in place in Q2, 2015. However, if the sales from fuel are excluded, then the sales even in FY2015 have registered a slight increase of 2.5% despite the competition from discount retailers and unfavourable market conditions (Woolworths, 2015). Gross Profits The companys gross profits have enhanced over the years primarily due to the steady increase in the revenues along with the improvement in the profit margins at the gross level achieved through improvement in processes and savings in purchases. Net profit During the year FY2012, there was a decline in the net profit caused due to discontinued operations which attracted a loss to the tune of $ 366 million (Woolworths, 2012). However, during the next two years the net profits rose on account of better operating margins caused due to lower operational costs along with keeping the employee costs under check. However, the net profits in FY2015 have suffered a decline caused due to a hike in the operating expenses caused due to higher superannuation costs related with employees along with increased wage bill (Woolworths, 2015). Interest Expenses The companys interest expenses displayed an upward trend but these reached their peak level in FY2013. After FY2013, there has been a sizable decrease in the interest costs caused due to the decline in the overall debt level particularly long term (Woolworths, 2015). Short term debt and long term debt From the relevant data on the debt levels, it is clear that the company intends to lower the long term loans and enhance the short term debt if required. The decrease in long term borrowing is indicative of falling investment by the company for setting up new stores in Australia and elsewhere. Further, the short term borrowing is on the rise due to the higher working capital needs for the company (Woolworths, 2015). Inventory There has been a slight decrease in the inventory levels at the end of FY2012 but ever since the inventory level is on the rise which is not a positive sign for the company as it indicates that the demand for the companys products is weak. This is an ongoing issue for the business as has also been pointed by the Chairman in the annual report. Shareholders equity The shareholders equity has shown a steady rise in the period under consideration which has been brought about by the rise in the retained profits on account of the net profits made in each financial year. Another additional factor contributing to this trend is the rise in paid capital of the group. Vertical Analysis The analysis of the various key trends based on the horizontal analysis shown in the Appendix 1 is given below. Gross profit margins The companys profitability margins on gross level have shown steady improvement over the period under consideration. This is apparent from the fact that even in FY2015, despite the falling profits margins in fuel and weak macroeconomic climate, the company was successful in improving the margins by 12 bps (Woolworths, 2015). Operating expenses The operating expenses expressed as revenue percentage is on the rise and the situation has worsened tremendously in FY2015 when there has been substantial increase in the operating expenses which has led to a dip in the net profit margins to the tune of 91 bps. Clearly, there is a need to atleast stem this trend in the near future and reverse this in the medium term as trading environment improves (Woolworths, 2015). Receivables The receivables as a percentage of total assets has witnessed a declining trend. This trend was not obeyed only in FY2013 when this percentage actually witnessed an increase. The decreasing contribution of the receivables is a positive signal for the company and augers well for reducing the overall cash cycle since it ensures that the company is able to generate cash from the sales on a regular basis without unnecessary details that can prove to be disruptive for the companys short term liquidity (Woolworths, 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015). Current liabilities The current liabilities expressed as a percentage of the total liabilities and shareholders equity has witnessed a declining trend. This may be attributed to the continuous increase in the overall equity due to retained profits and fresh equity capital which has exceeded the percentage growth in the current liabilities (Woolworths, 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015). Ratio Analysis The significant ratios considered for the analysis of Woolworths have been summarised in the Appendix 2. The implications of these with regards to the companys performance are stated below. Current Ratio During the period from FY2011 to FY2014, the current ratio experienced improvement while it witnessed a decline in FY2015. This decrease can be explained due to rise in the short term debt by around $ 1.4 billion at the FY2015 end compared to the corresponding year end in FY2014 (Woolworths, 2015). The current ratio is significant and is indicative of the short term liquidity which is pivotal in case of organised retail. A concerning trend for the company is that inventory contributes almost 60% of the total current assets and hence liquid assets such as cash comprise a small portion of current assets. Hence, it is likely that in the near term, a short term liquidity crisis may develop if the business climate does not show any improvement (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). The companys major competitor i.e. Wesfarmers boasts of a higher current ratio which lies in the vicinity of 1.1 to 1.5. As a result, it is apparent that the company requires improvement in this respect (Morningstar, 2 015). Price/Earnings Ratio The trend with regards to P/E ratio has been mixed since there was an increase during the period FY2011 to FY2013 but the trend reversed for the period FY2014 to FY2015. The rise in P/E ratio at the end of FY2012 was caused mainly due to EPS decline caused by heavy losses on the back of discontinued operations (Woolworths, 2012). There was an improvement in the P/E ratio in the subsequent year due to outperformance by the company which was extended to the next year i.e. FY2014. However, in the next year i.e. FY2015, the performance dipped significantly which is reflected in the form of reduced EPS and hence led to a decline in the P/E ratio. The P/E ratio for the industry is pegged at 21 and hence it is evident that the company is given lower valuations which may be explained due to the diversified nature of the business which is held as a single company. However, this explanation may not be accurate since Wesfarmers has a higher P/E as compared to Woolworths even though it is more d iversified than Woolworths. This indicates underperformance by the Woolworths stock during the preceding two years (Morningstar, 2015). Net Profit Margin Ratio There is no uniform trend with regards to the ratio indicating the net profit margin. The net profit margin witnessed a decline during FY2012 caused due to discontinued operations and the resulting loss of $ 366 million. However, the performance with regard to net profits improved during both FY2013 and FY2014 due to better than expected gross margins even though the operational expenses continued to remain constant. The net profit margins have dropped by almost 50 bps during FY2015. This may be explained on the back of higher operational expenses particularly related to employee salaries and associated benefits (Woolworths, 2015). The drop in margins for fuel also had an adverse effect on profitability during FY2015. However, the net profit ratio for the company is in accordance with the industry standards which is estimated around 3.75%-4.25% (Morningstar, 2015). Return on total assets (ROA) Besides two years namely FY2012 and FY2015, the ROA has continued to remain constant during the period under consideration. The FY2012 decline in ROA was not disconcerting from the investor perspective as it was driven by loss arising from discontinued operations. But the same cannot be concluded for the dip in ROA in FY2015 which is driven by a decline in the net income to the tune of $ 300 million (Woolworths, 2015). Additionally, continued competition from discount retailers and weak demand would continue to exert downward pressure on ROA which is not favourable from the investor perspective (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Debt ratio The contribution of debt to the total assets has continued from FY2011 till FY2014 which is favourable for the company. But this trend has reversed in FY2015 due to the rise in short term borrowing to the tune of $ 1.4 billion (Woolworths, 2015). This surge in current borrowing can be attributed to weak trading environment where the demand is weak and hence the working capital requirement is larger. Even though there has been a decline in the debt ratio, but still there are no long term liquidity issues that the company faces (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Interest Coverage Ratio Based on the computed values, it is apparent that the interest coverage had improved in FY2012 as compared to the previous year before deteriorating in FY2013 primarily on account of the surge in interest expenses. However, post FY2013, there is a decline in the overall debt level which is reflected in the form of lower interest cost. This is responsible for the improvement in the interest coverage in FY2014 but the ratio has declined in FY2015 due to dip in the EBIT (Woolworths, 2015). Despite this, the interest coverage continues to stay healthy and hence the company does not face much risk of default on interest payment in the near future (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Recommendation The review of the quantitative and qualitative parameters carried out above indicates that it is not prudent to invest in the Woolworths stock at the present time. This is despite the fact that the stock has corrected by about 25% over the last year and may seek a value buy. However, the chances of a recovery in the stock seem slim till the time there is definite improvement in the trading environment which does not look certain in the present. However, one of the limitations of the previous analysis is that it is based on historical performance and hence the future performance may be significantly different from the past performance. But currently, it seems highly unlikely. Stock valuation The Gordon dividend model is deployed for ascertaining the intrinsic price of the Woolworths stock (Damodaran, 2008). Woolworths fair price = Next year dividend/ (Return required Constant growth of dividends) Return required on the stock = 9% pa Constant growth rate of dividend = 4% pa Dividend paid by Woolworth per share in 2015 = 1.0286 + 0.957 = $ 1.9856 Expected dividend per share in 2016 = 1.9856 * 1.04 = Hence, dividends paid next year = 1.9856 * 1.05 = $ 2.065 Woolworth stock price = 2.065/(0.09-0.04) = $ 41.3 Since the Woolworth stock is currently trading at $ 21.7, hence it is evident that the stock currently is highly underpriced. The aberration in valuation can be explained on the basis of the expectations with regards to dividend growth from the investor perspective which may be considerably lower than 4% considering the lacklustre performance in FY2015. Further, it is also possible that the stock is oversold due to negative sentiments associated with the retail sector at the present. References Brealey, R, Myers, S Allen, F 2008, Principles of Corporate Finance, 9th edn, McGraw Hill Publications, New YorkDamodaran, A 2008, Corporate Finance, 3rd edn, Wiley Publications, LondonMitchell, S 2015, Coles, Woolworths, IGA to lose market share to Aldi, David Jones, says Moody's, The Sydney Morning Herald, Available online from https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/coles-woolworths-iga-to-lose-market-share-to-aldi-david-jones-says-moodys-20150813-giy6x0.html (Accessed on July 14, 2016)Morningstar 2015, Woolworths Ltd, Morningstar Limited, Available online from https://financials.morningstar.com/valuation/price-ratio.html?t=WOLWFregion=usaculture=en-US (Accessed on July 14, 2016) Woolworths 2011. Annual Report 2011, Woolworths Limited, Available online from https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/icms_docs/129899_Annual_Report_2011.pdf (Accessed on July 14, 2016) Woolworths 2012. Annual Report 2012, Woolworths Limited, Available online from https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/annualreport/2012/ (Accessed on July 14, 2016) Woolworths 2013. Annual Report 2013, Woolworths Limited, Available online from https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/icms_docs/137198_Annual_Report_2013.pdf (Accessed on July 14, 2016) Woolworths 2014. Annual Report 2014,Woolworths Limited, Available online from https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/annualreport/2014/index.html (Accessed on July 14, 2016) Woolworths 2015. Annual Report 2015, Woolworths Limited, Available online from https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/icms_docs/182381_Annual_Report_2015.pdf (Accessed on July 14, 2016) Yahoo Finance 2016, Woolworths Ltd (WOW.AX), Yahoo Finance, Available online from https://au.finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=WOW.AX (Accessed on July 14, 2016)

Socio Cultural Dimensions of Learning free essay sample

Lev Vygotsky’s theory focuses on Socio-Cultural dimensions of Learning and development, emphasizing that individual cognitive processes are continuously embedded on a social and cultural context. It is referred to as â€Å"social constructivist theory†. In order to understand the influence of Lev Vygotsky’s work addressing socio-cultural dimensions of learning and development, it is important to understand the three central concepts of his theory which all have direct implications for the classroom. These are the concepts of the zone of proximal development, scaffolding and the socio-cultural context of learning. Zone of Proximal Development. Vygotsky stated that a child follows an adults example and gradually develops the ability to do certain tasks without help or assistance. Vygotskys often-quoted definition of zone of proximal development presents it as the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers. We will write a custom essay sample on Socio Cultural Dimensions of Learning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vygotsky among other educational professionals believes the role of education to be to provide children with experiences which are in their ZPD, thereby encouraging and advancing their individual learning. Scaffolding. For Vygotsky, scaffolding is the process of providing a child or adolescent with a good deal of support during the time he is learning something. To successfully apply it in a classroom, it is important to know not only where a child is functioning now and where that child will be tomorrow, but also how best to assist that child in mastering more advanced skills and concepts. This is where scaffolding comes in. Although not used by Vygotsky himself, the concept of scaffolding helps us understand how aiming instruction within a child’s ZPD can promote the child’s learning and development. Socio-cultural context of knowledge. Vygotsky emphasizes the important role of culture in influencing how individuals learn and think. His thinking has had a significant impact on research demonstrating that cognition is â€Å"situated† – occurs in content. Social Processes in Learning Situated Learning (Situated learning is related to Vygotsky’s notion of learning through social development. Situated learning is a general theory of knowledge acquisition. It has been applied in the context of technology-based learning activities that focus on problem-solving skills. Lave (1988) argues that learning as it normally occurs is a function of the activity, context and culture in which it occurs. This contrasts with traditional classroom learning activities which involve knowledge which is often presented in an abstract form and out of context. Social Interaction is a critical component of situated learning – learners become involved in a ‘community practice’ which embodies certain beliefs and behaviours to be acquired. Learning becomes a Social Process dependent upon transactions with others placed within a context that resembles as closely as possible the practice environment. Principles: 1. Knowledge needs to be presented in an authentic context, i. e. , settings and applications that would normally involve that knowledge. 2. Learning requires social interaction and collaboration. The two approaches to learning: decontextualized (classroom) versus contextualized (situated) learning. General Idea of situate learning: â€Å"If you put a learner in a real world situation (authentic context) and interact with other people then learning occurs. † Situated learning as well can be applied in technology based learning activities focused on problem solving skills. In this type of learning and participative methods can be used extensively by the teacher so that students will learn more effectively. Communication Patterns in Learning Sociolinguistics Is the study of language in society. Sociolinguistics is the study of the linguistic indicators of culture and power. Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and the way language is used. It studies how dialects differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e. g. , ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc,. and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social class or socio-economic classes. Sociolinguists also study the grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, and other aspects of this sociolect much as dialectologists would study the same for a regional dialect. Sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter’s focus is on the language’s effect on the society Fundamental concepts in sociolinguistics Speech community: describes a more or less discrete group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves. High prestige and low prestige varieties; certain speech habits are assigned a positive or a negative value which is then applied to the speaker. Social network is another way of describing a particular speech community in terms of relations between individual members in a community. A social network may apply to the macro level of a country or a city, but also to the intrapersonal level of neighborhoods or a single family Recently, social networks have been formed by the intern. et, through chat rooms, online dating services. Types of Classroom Interaction To avoid overemphasizing the theory and memorization of the material presented in class, teachers employ classroom interaction to give students the ability to think critically, focus on specific details and practice what they have learned. Teachers have access to many methods of creating an interactive classroom. Common methods include classroom conversation, question-and-answer, reading aloud and role-playing. Reading Aloud Reading aloud is a classroom activity in which one person is reading while others listen. Reading aloud may be performed by the teacher or student. Reading aloud may be performed by a single person or by a group taking turns. This form of highly structured classroom interaction allows all students to be focused at exactly the same point in a reading. This allows students to easily focus on vocabulary and pronunciation. Conversation Classroom conversation is a form of classroom interaction in which students in the class discuss a given topic. The conversation may be held across the whole class or in smaller groups. Conversation is an important form of classroom interaction because it helps students develop their language skills. In a conversation, students may apply the skills and knowledge they have acquired in the class, making classroom conversation a practical form of interaction. Role-Play Role-playing is an activity in which students take on given or chosen roles and act out a scene with others. This form of interaction lends itself to almost any situation, and the only restriction is a students imagination. Role-playing allows students to demonstrate their creativity and knowledge about their roles, and it allows students to think outside of the constraints of the classroom and consider how they might apply the learned material to the real world. This form of interaction can integrate different subjects into one activity. Question-and-Answer Question-and-answer is a traditional form of classroom interaction in which a teacher or student explains and poses a question for the other. Questions asked by the teacher are usually for the purpose of assessment, while questions asked by the students are usually for obtaining new information. The Socratic method is also a form of question-and-answer interaction. The Socratic method is a form of asking questions with the intent of leading students to discover the answer themselves. Question-and-answer as a form of interactive learning allows students to have a large influence on the agenda of the classroom, because it allows them to freely express their thoughts and feelings.